全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1063篇 |
免费 | 66篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 14篇 |
儿科学 | 25篇 |
妇产科学 | 54篇 |
基础医学 | 146篇 |
口腔科学 | 80篇 |
临床医学 | 152篇 |
内科学 | 194篇 |
皮肤病学 | 2篇 |
神经病学 | 80篇 |
特种医学 | 22篇 |
外科学 | 126篇 |
综合类 | 3篇 |
预防医学 | 116篇 |
眼科学 | 15篇 |
药学 | 37篇 |
肿瘤学 | 70篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 10篇 |
2019年 | 10篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 25篇 |
2013年 | 52篇 |
2012年 | 56篇 |
2011年 | 46篇 |
2010年 | 31篇 |
2009年 | 35篇 |
2008年 | 66篇 |
2007年 | 64篇 |
2006年 | 73篇 |
2005年 | 88篇 |
2004年 | 66篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 67篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1964年 | 6篇 |
1963年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1136条查询结果,搜索用时 57 毫秒
21.
Tianwei Xu Linda L. Magnusson Hanson Theis Lange Liis Starkopf Hugo Westerlund Ida E. H. Madsen Reiner Rugulies Jaana Pentti Sari Stenholm Jussi Vahtera Åse M. Hansen Mika Kivimäki Naja H. Rod 《Diabetologia》2018,61(1):75-83
Aims/hypothesis
The aim of this multicohort study was to examine whether employees exposed to social stressors at work, such as workplace bullying and violence, have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.Methods
The study included 45,905 men and women (40–65 years of age and free of diabetes at baseline) from four studies in Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Workplace bullying and violence were self-reported at baseline. Incident diabetes was ascertained through national health and medication records and death registers. Marginal structural Cox models adjusted for age, sex, country of birth, marital status and educational level were used for the analyses.Results
Nine per cent of the population reported being bullied at work and 12% were exposed to workplace violence or threats of violence. Bullied participants had a 1.46 (95% CI 1.23, 1.74) times higher risk of developing diabetes compared with non-bullied participants. Exposure to violence or threats of violence was also associated with a higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.26 [95% CI 1.02, 1.56]). The risk estimates attenuated slightly when taking BMI into account, especially for bullying. The results were similar for men and women, and were consistent across cohorts.Conclusions/interpretation
We found a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes among employees exposed to bullying or violence in the workplace. Further research is needed to determine whether policies to reduce bullying and violence at work may reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in working populations. Research on the mechanisms is also highly warranted.22.
Blomgren K Alho OP Ertama L Huovinen P Korppi M Mäkelä M Penttilä M Pitkäranta A Savolainen S Varonen H Suonpää J;Finnish Society of Otorhinolaryngology committee 《Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases》2005,37(4):245-250
These clinical practice guidelines aim at providing assistance mainly to primary health care physicians for the diagnosis and management of acute sinusitis. Despite the huge impact of upper respiratory infections, criteria for diagnoses are often vague, and physicians are often uncertain of their diagnoses. This is not surprising, as the sole definition of acute sinusitis is somewhat confusing, not to mention the existing discrepancies between treatments, even among specialists. The Finnish Society of Otorhinolaryngology has set up a committee to evaluate existing data on acute sinusitis and to formulate these guidelines. The committee comprised Finnish experts in adult and paediatric otorhinolaryngology, clinical microbiology, radiology, paediatrics, and epidemiology. Recommendations given are based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, with the level of evidence presented. 相似文献
23.
Jukka-Pekka Mecklin M.D. Pentti Sipponen M.D. Dr. Heikki J. Järvinen M.D. 《Diseases of the colon and rectum》1986,29(12):849-853
Seventy-five colorectal carcinoma patients (100 separate cancers) with verified cancer family syndrome were re-examined for
the evaluation of histologic characteristics in carcinomas and adenomatous polyps in this inherited syndrome in a comparison
with control patients with colorectal carcinoma but no hereditary background. In the cancer family syndrome group there were
significantly more mucinous carcinomas (35 to 39 percent vs. 20 percent;P<0.05–0.01), and also more poorly differentiated tumors (24 vs. 12 percent) than in the control group. The differences could
not be explained by the site or stage of the tumors or by the age or sex of the patients. Additional adenomas occurred quite
often both in cancer family syndrome patients (19 percent) and in the controls (16 percent). In the cancer family syndrome
group, however, there were more adenomas with moderate or severe dysplasia (P<0.01) and more adenomas with villous features (P<0.05) than in the control group. Mucinous histologic features in colorectal carcinoma, although not fully specific, might
be characteristic of cancer family syndrome, and thus serve as one sign in the indentification of the syndrome. The presence
of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cancer family syndrome also was supported, and the histologic aggressivity of the associated
adenomas might signify an accelerated advancement of this phenomenon in cancer family syndrome.
Supported by the Finnish Cancer Foundation. 相似文献
24.
25.
Kai O. Lindros Ph.D. Pentti Sipponen M.D. Pekka Pikkarainen M.D. Ulla Turunen M.D. Mikko Salaspuro M.D. 《Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research》1979,3(1):78-82
Rats chronically fed ethanol developed liver injury only if they also received low doses of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, suggesting that the consistency of the influence of ethanol and its metabolism, rather than the level of acetaldehyde or the degree of the metabolic effects, contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver damage. 相似文献
26.
27.
Pääkkönen M Kallio MJ Kallio PE Peltola H 《Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases》2012,44(9):683-688
Abstract Background: In recent decades the treatment of childhood acute bone and joint infections has shifted towards shorter antibiotic courses and rapid transition to oral therapy. Methods: We prospectively collected 265 culture-positive cases of non-neonatal bone and joint infections in Finnish children during 1983-2005. The duration of antimicrobial treatment and the extent of surgery were defined in the study protocol, but for ethical reasons, the liaison clinician determined the time of discharge using normalization of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level as a yardstick. We examined changes during the study in the distribution of causative organisms, severity of disease, and length of hospital stay. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was overwhelmingly the most common causative agent throughout the study, whereas Haemophilus influenzae type b was eliminated soon after the introduction of vaccination. The mean time from initial symptoms to presentation remained the same at 4 days, and no significant change was observed in the severity of disease, CRP, or the rate of sequelae. The mean duration of intravenous antibiotic administration was only 4 days. The average hospital stay shortened significantly from 13 days to 9 days (p =?0.0001). Conclusions: The shortened hospital stay was not due to a change in the anatomical site of these infections, but to simplified treatment. Considerable savings in hospital stay, and thus costs, are feasible in osteoarticular infections of childhood by using CRP in monitoring the disease and shortening intravenous treatment by a swift move to per oral administration. 相似文献
28.
Lenkkeri AM Pienihäkkinen K Hurme S Alanen P 《International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children》2012,22(3):180-190
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 180–190 Objective. Xylitol studies suggest caries reductions in the order of 50%. Based on animal/microbial studies, erythritol potentially has caries‐preventive properties. However, clinical studies are required to confirm this.The aim of the study was to investigate the additional caries‐preventive effect of xylitol/maltitol and erythritol/maltitol lozenges delivered at school, relative to controls receiving comprehensive prevention, in a low‐caries prevalence population. Methods. A 4‐year, cluster‐randomized, double‐blinded clinical trial. Five hundred and seventy‐nine 10‐year‐old consenting subjects from 21 schools were randomly assigned to one of five groups. Four groups used the lozenges on school days, in three teacher‐supervised sessions daily, over 1 or 2 years. The daily amount was 4.7 g/4.6 g for xylitol/maltitol and 4.5 g/4.2 g for erythritol/maltitol. The groups received free examinations and care in the public health centre. Four hundred and ninety‐six children were analysed. The main outcome measure was dentin caries increment based on a clinical examination at 4 years since the start. The groups were compared in relation to the increment using hierarchical logistic regression to adjust for potential clustering. Results. Use of xylitol/maltitol or erythritol/maltitol lozenges did not result in caries reduction. A strong relationship between baseline caries prevalence and the 4‐year increment was observed (OR = 7.38; 95% CI: 3.78–14.41). Conclusions. The results suggest that in relatively low‐caries conditions the school‐based use of xylitol/maltitol or erythritol/maltitol lozenges would not have additional caries‐preventive effect when compared with comprehensive prevention. 相似文献
29.
30.
Anna-Liisa Svedström-Oristo Terttu Pietilä Ilpo Pietilä Hans Helenius Pentti Alanen Juha Varrela 《Acta odontologica Scandinavica》2013,71(3):160-166
There is no general agreement on criteria that could be applied to distinguish between orthodontically acceptable and non-acceptable occlusions after the completion of dental development. The aim of the present study was to analyse morphological and functional features that could be used as an index to define an acceptable occlusion in young adults. Three expert panels representing specialists in orthodontics and stomatognathic physiology participated in a modified Delphi method. Each panel responded to a questionnaire concerning the usefulness of various occlusal features, and a set of characteristics was selected on the basis of the responses; thereafter, applicability of the chosen characteristics and their cutoffs for an acceptable-non-acceptable dichotomy was tested clinically. To obtain a consensus level of 100%, the last panel session was completed with a group discussion. Assessments made using the morphological criteria were compared with those made with the dental health component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The selected morphological characteristics consisted of overjet, overbite, canine relationship, crossbite, scissors bite and midline deviation. The functional evaluation comprised assessments of discrepancy between the centric relation and the intercuspal position, working- and non-working-side contacts and protrusion contacts. The dental health component and our morphological criteria showed different sensitivity to contact point displacements, interdigitation in buccal segments and increased overbite. This study provides a set of morphological and functional indicators reflecting the current consensus opinion of Finnish professionals. Further studies are needed to analyse the reproducibility of assessment of the characteristics included. 相似文献